ここでのキーフレーズは、"even more"です。「更にもっと」という意味です。
英訳例①「(それが)更に腹立たしかった」"It"が主語の場合、~ing形容詞を使います。
●Annoyingの他に、 irritating, infuriating, exasperating等の同義語があります。
英訳例②「(私が)更に腹を立てた」"I"が主語の場合、~ed形容詞を使います。
●Annoyed, irritated, infuriated, exasperated, etc.
英訳例③「(それが)私を更に腹立たせた」①と②を合体させたような形です。
御質問の『ムカつくことに10分遅れるとか言い出し』『更に腹立たしいことに用事があるからと私との約束は適当に切り上げて行ってしまった。』この二つの文章を上記三パターンに英訳してみると・・・
It was annoying when she said she was running 10 minutes behind.
It was even more annoying when our plans were cut short because she had to leave early to do something else.
I was annoyed when she said she was running 10 minutes behind.
I was even more annoyed when our plans were cut short because she had to leave early to do something else.
It annoyed me when she said she was running 10 minutes behind.
It annoyed me even more when our plans were cut short because she had to leave early to do something else.
★Running behind➡予定より遅れること
★Cut short➡途中で切り上げること
★Leave early➡早く出ること
↑こんな感じになります。
少しでもご参考になれば嬉しいです。