ご質問ありがとうございます。
「1本前の電車」はone train earlierとかone train soonerとかone train beforeなどに訳せます。
例文：I have an important meeting today, so in order to definitely not be late, I took the train before the one I usually take.
2番目の例文：The station closest to the meeting is the 3rd station from my house.
ご参考になれば幸いです。
I had a very important meeting at work today, and I definitely didn't want to be late, so I caught one train earlier than usual.
The station I have to get off at for the meeting is three stops from the station near my house.
ーI had a very important meeting at work today, and I definitely didn't want to be late, so I caught one train earlier than usual.
「今日とても重要な会議があって絶対に遅れたくなかったので、１本早い電車に乗った」
to catch one train earlier than usual で「１本はやい電車に乗る」
ーThe station I have to get off at for the meeting is three stops from the station near my house.
「会議のために降りる駅は家の近くの駅から３駅目です」
three stops from ... で「…から３駅目」と言えます。
ご参考まで！
アメリカ合衆国 
カナダ 
