I forgot to pay yesterday and now look at this overdue fine.
昨日支払うの忘れちゃって、そんで見てよこの延滞金！
期日や締切日のことをdue dateと言うように、Dueには締め切り、期限という意味があります。overdueはよって、締め切り/期限を過ぎた、という意味です
支払い遅れだけでなく、物を借りて、期限に返さないで発生する延滞金にも使います。
元々の請求額と延滞金を全て含めて、一番下、一番上に
Outstanding payment
「未払金合計」という書かれ方もします。
In the UK, money is taken from the bank by the supplier in the form of a 'direct debit' which may have variable amounts charged to your account. E.g. an electricity supplier may withdraw payments via direct debit. If there is not enough money in the account, a charge will be made by the bank.
In the case of regular fixed payments, these may be paid by 'standing order,' which is a recurring payment on a fixed day each month. Again, if there is insufficient money in the account to make the payment, a fee will be charged by the bank.
These are very specific BANK charges and these are the correct names for such charges. The suppliers themselves may or may not have a late payment charge agreement with you. they are not entitled to make any late payment charges unless you have agreed this beforehand.
A penalty is basically something in place to punish someone for doing or not doing something. So when you make a late payment of your rent, an agent might charge extra and in your contract that is usually called a "late-payment penalty". You can also just call it a penalty fee
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