回答
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When the dinner conversation was dirty, he became exasperated.
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When the conversation at dinner was dirty, he was exasperated.
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He was exasperated by the dirty dinner conversation.
ご質問ありがとうございます。
「食事中に汚い話」はdirty converstaion during dinnerとかthe dirty dinner conversationとかthe uncivilized conversation at dinner(uncivilizedは「野蛮」とか「未開」みたいな意味です)に訳せます。
exasperateはexciteと同じで、普段に現在進行形と現在完了形で使っていますので、上記にbecameとかwasと一緒にexasperatedが現れています。
ご参考いただければ幸いです。