What's the longest you have worked at a part-time job?
What's the longest you have stayed at a part-time job?
この場合、次のような言い方ができますよ。
ーWhat's the longest you have worked at a part-time job?
「アルバイトで一番長く働いたのは何ですか?」=「最も長くやったアルバイトは何ですか?」
ーWhat's the longest you have stayed at a part-time job?
「一番長く続けたアルバイトは何ですか?」
ご参考まで!